Researching pre-Vedic civilization does not find any recorded sources
Archaeology holds that small populations lived in the mountainous areas during the Palaeolithic period. Their main food came from the game they killed and the naturally occurring fruits and roots we collected.
Man learned how to grow food and build houses close to the end of the Stone Age and the start of metal use. Neolithic and Chalcolithic communities lived on the uplands near rivers and hills.
Peasant settlements first emerged in the Indus basin area and finally developed into Harappa’s urban society featuring both large and small constructions. But with the disappearance of the Harappan civilization, urbanization did not resurface on the Indian subcontinent for almost 1500 years.
Native American and pastoral phases
Starting with the Rig Veda, documents allow one to follow the development of a society. They claim that although knowing about agriculture, the Rig Vedic society was essentially pastoral in character. Among the main possessions of the semi-nomadic people were horses and cattle.
The Rig Veda uses cow, bull, and horse rather often. One rich person was called gomat, and cattle were considered to be a universal emblem of riches. Wars were fought for cattle, so the raja was referred to as a gopa or gopati since his primary responsibility was cow protection.
Given that the cow was so vital to the family’s survival, the daughter was named Dubin, which means a milker.
The Vedic people’s close affinity with kine meant that they called the buffalo they found in India govala, or cow-haired.
Unlike allusions to cows and bulls, Rig Veda’s later hymns more often pertain to agriculture. Raising cattle so became the main source of survival.
The Upper Orders’ Development as Applied to Agriculture
Originally from Afghanistan and Punjab, the Vedic people mostly started farming in western UP. Archaeology shows that throughout the Vedic periods, a settlement lasted for two to three centuries.
Born out of this were territorial chiefdoms. The princes could pay their priests with the tributes they gathered from others and peasants, and make sacrifices themselves. Later Vedic farmers paid the nobility and warriors, who then presented presents to the priests. They also covered the sacrificial expenses for the priest.
The peasant brought food to the smiths, chariot builders, and a good number of the emerging warrior class.
But the later Vedic peasant lacked the ability to help communities and businesses flourish; this was evident in the age of the carpenters, who spawned the Buddha. Later Vedic civilization made little use of iron, but metal money was not known.
Varna’s government and production process
Three simultaneous events happened in the post-Vedic age. They were the processes of Aryanizing, industrializing, and urbanizing. Aryanization, then, was the spread of Indo-Aryan languages including Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali. It also highlighted women’s slavery and the upper classes’ dominance.
Later Vedic books called the first three varnas, eliminating the Shudras and dasas, Arya. Even Buddhist philosophy valued the Arya. In the post-Vedic times, aryanization was the process of bringing non-Aryan tribal groups into the Brahmanical society.
Ionization, the spread of low-carbon steel tools and weapons, was It changed settlements density, crafts, and agriculture. This approach resulted in an increase in the military capability of the monarchs who stretched the boundaries of their realms and supported the varna system as well.
Urbanisation, or the growth of towns, helped crafters and merchants and raised governmental income.
Social Unrest and the Landed Class Ascendancy
For many centuries, the Gangetic plains and its environs—which saw a series of large states—had good system performance. Over the first and second centuries AD, trade and urbanisation exploded. The arts developed during this period more than before.
The peak of the old order emerged about the third century; thereafter, it seems that its progressive function was no more required. In the third century AD, the prior society was in great distress.
The Kali age is described in the Puranas portions covering the third and fourth centuries in a way that rather aptly portrays the crisis.
Varasankara, or the mingling of varnas or social orders, marks the rejection of the vaishyas and Shudras (peasants, artisans, and laborers) to perform the allotted producing tasks. Specifically, the Shudras objected to make their labor readily available and the vaishya people refused to pay taxes.
